The 20th Century- The Establishment of Modern Art

Scientific and technological discovery reign supreme during this time period. Radio, radar, television, talking motion pictures, automobiles, airplanes, jet planes, electric railways, municipal transit systems, electric street lighting, and home appliances were all technological advances made during this time period.  The world wars were catalysts to many inventions, discoveries, and advancements.  On the scientific front many advancements were also made- the electron microscope, electronic instrumentation for machines, biochemistry, plastics, polymers and antibiotics were just some of the advancements.  On the architecture prestressed and reinforced concrete made larger buildings possible.

Art Nouveau was a movement whose participants tried to incorporate natural forms into architecture and the decorative arts. Check out the pictures on the link below.
Art nouveau

Andre Derain
Henri Matisse
Gustav Klimt
Kathe Kollwitz
Franz Marc (off limits to Jared- you need to learn about others ;) )
Max Beckmann
Stuart Davis
Marcel Duchamp
Piet Mondrian
Alexander Calder
Henry Moore

Georgia O'Keeffe

Marcel Duchamp

Frida Kahlo

Marc Chagall

Dorthea Lange

Edward Hopper

Claim one artist above to create a fake wall for.  The idea here is to use the following link to create a Facebook type "wall" for the artist.  Include a lot of biographical information. Make sure I can find your work.  If someone has already posted a fake wall for your artist do it anyway :)
Fake Wall

Pick two artist to send on a date.... Those highlighted in pink are women.  Research both of these artists to find out enough about them to guess what would happen if you sent them on a date.  Think about first dates and the learning about one another period.  If you don't try to learn about the other person on a first date then you have just gotten dating advice from Mrs. Lubinski (that's probably not a good thing).  Post the converstions the artists have on the date.

Nineteenth Century Pluralism of Styles

Yes, we skipped a lot of information again.  Hope that's alright with you!?

Timeline

1801 Thomas Jefferson is elected President of America
1803 Napoleon sells the Louisiana Purchase to America to fund his war
1804 Napoleon makes himself emperor of France
1807 Slave trade abolished in Britian
         Napoleon controls most of Europe
1814 British forces burn Washington D.C. before negotiating peace for Canada
         Stevenson builds the first steam locomotive
1819 Spain cedes Florida to America
1828 Francisco Goya dies
1837 Daguerre invents the Daguerreotype a precursor to the photograph
1838 Mass relocation of Native Americans- the Trail of Tears
1848 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish the "Communist Manifesto"
        Texas becomes part of America
        The gold rush begins
1859 Charles Darwing publishes "Origin of the Species"
1861 Abraham Lincoln is elected President of America
         The civil war starts (America)
1863 Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg address
1865 the civil war ends
         slavery is abolished
1866 Alfred Nobel produces dynamite
1874 first Impressionist exhibit
1876 Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone
         Custer's last stand
1877 Thomas Edison invents the first phonograph
1878 Thomas Edison invents the first electric light
1885 George Eastman markets the first box camera
1886 Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz produce the first automobiles
1889 The Eiffel Tower is built in Paris
1890 Death of Vincent vcan Gogh
        The London Underground opens (an all electric subway)

ROMANTICISM
 

Delacroix
 JMW Turner
Hudson River School

REALISM (a reaction against Romanticism)

Millet
Gustav Courbet
Thomas Eakins
Winslow Homer

IMPRESSIONISM

Manet
Edgar Degas
Claude Monet

Camille Pissaro

FREEDOM OF IMAGINATION

Henri Rousseau MY FAVORITE!!!
Edvard Munch
Rodin

scavenger hunt

This artist was an intense anti-semite.

What year did Eastman mraket his box camera?

His paintings showed peasants in a realistic manner rather than a glamorizing their situations.

His early works were about the civil war, his later works were about the sea.

This artist grew up in Oslo, Norway.

This artist was said to be "...passionately in love with passion."

This arist was his studio assisstant.

There is some confusion about this artist's first/middle name.

This artist worked as a customs officer.

This artist attended Jefferson Medical College while attending the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts.

The High Renaissance and Mannerism

This chapter has 55 pages in the book so obviously it is going to be impossible for me to cover everything covered in this chapter sufficiently without pounding the work down- I hope you'll forgive me for not covering everything.  If you feel strongly that you are being shorted please let me know and I will be happy to give you a book to read and an activity that will encourage a deeper understanding of this chapter.

As always the post is informed by  Gardner's Art Through The Ages tenth edition. 

Previously the cultural/artistic center had shifted to Florence.  From about 1495-1527 (when Rome was sacked) Rome gained back the title of artistic and cultural center.  A series of ambitious popes created a new force in Italy.  A papal state was formed and Rome was its capitol.  These popes were living in the luxury previously known to royalty.  They commissioned art to beautify the city of Rome. 

This period is home to such famous artists as...
Leonardo DaVinci
Raffaello Sanzio- Raphael
Michelangelo Buonarroti
Tiziano Vecelli- Titian
Andrea Palladio


...just to name a few


Pick an artist from above- post your choice.
Research the artist (remember wikipedia is unreliable)

Give us the information we need to feel informed about this artist. like: short history of their life, most famous pieces, where their works are, how can we identify their style, who was/were their patron(s), their choice of medium, interesting facts etc. Don't forget to include links for art works


I want to hear from you (not another website).  Please collect information and then put it in your own words.  The list above is just to start you thinking of what we need to know- please add information to fill in their life.  You are seniors you can do this- don't be lazy ;)

THE EARLY RENAISSANCE

POST FOR 3/23
Check out this VOKI

INTERVIEW WITH AN ARTIST (or two)Pick a color- the two artist with the same color are both yours to "interview." Post the color and artists name so others can pick a different pair. Do this early on so your choice is known.

Lorenzo Ghiberti

Donatello

Filippo Brunelleschi

Masaccio

Fra Angelico

Verrocchio

Domenico Ghirlandaio

Sandro Botticelli

Perugino (Pietro Vannucci)

Andrea Mantegna

Please post your interview with your two artists.  You may create a Voki to communicate the information if you want. To create the Voki avatar go to voki.com you can email your Voki(s) to me at riannlubinski@nixaschools.net.  You are limited to the amount of information you can communicate with a Voki so if you can't get it all in you will need to type your response like usual.  The Voki is optional feel free to post as usual.

Questions:  feel free to add to the list if you find something interesting while researching.

NAME
WHERE ARE YOU FROM? WHERE DO YOU LIVE NOW?
ON WHAT ARE YOU CURRENTLY WORKING?(these people are obviously dead so this is a hypothetical- find a work they actually did do and post the link)
DO YOU HAVE A PATRON?
WHAT IS YOUR FAVORITE MEDIUM?
ARE THERE ANY SPECIAL TECHNIQUES YOU ARE WELL KNOWN FOR OR ARE DEVELOPING?
WHAT IS YOUR MOST FAMOUS PIECE?
WHAT DO YOU THINK YOU WILL BE REMEMBERED FOR?
Post a link to al least 2 works by your artist.

Rome High and Late Empires

 Colosseum  
Read this article and look at the 360 degree tour.

THE HIGH EMPIRE
    "In the second century A.D., under Trajan, Hadrian, and the Antonines, the Roman Empire reached its          greatest geographical extent and the summit of its power.  Rome's might and influence were unchallenged in the Western world, although pressure was constantly being applied by the Germanic peoples in the north, the Berbers in the south, and the Parthaians and resurgent Persians in the east.  Within the secure boundaries on the empire, the Pax Romana produced an unprecedented prosperity for all those who came under Roman rule." 
- Gardner's Art Through the Ages 10th Edition
   

TORI-  Create a response describing (in your own words) the forum in Rome commissioned by Trajan.


TAYLOR- Create a response describing (in your own words) the Arch of Trajan.


JOHN-  Create a response describing (in your own words) the Pantheon.


SAMANTHA-  Create a response describing (in your own words) Ostia, Rome's harbor city. 

JARED-  Create a response describing (in your own words) the Antonines the family of Emperors and their influence on Roman art.

THE LATE EMPIRE

Rome was in decline Pax Romana was coming to an end.  Order was becoming one and more difficult to maintain on the frontiers.  The Antonine dynasty ended with the assassination of Marcus Aurelius's son Commodus.  the economy was declining, and the bureaucracy was disentigrating.  The official state religion was being challenged by Eastern cults and Christianity.  This pivotal historical era leads the world into the Christian Middle Ages. 

The Baths of Caracalla in Rome was a huge bathing complex built by the Severans.  This complex was built with imperial funds to win the favor of the public.  The baths were huge especially in comparison to others throughout the Roman Empire.  The concrete walls were up to 140' tall and were covered by barrel vaults, groin vaults and domical vaults.  The complex covered almost 50 acres (that's like 50 football fields!).  In these baths were landscaped gardens, lecture halls, libraries, a giant swimming pool, and workout spaces.  In one of these workout spaces a 10 1/2' tall copy of the Greek statue of Herakles stood, presumably to inspire Romans to exercise vigorously.  It was Roman practice to take a dip in the cold pool, the warm pool and then the hot pool.  Water was supplied to the baths by a branch of one of the city's major aqueducts.  The central heating was supplied by furnaces taht circulted the hot air through hollow walls and floors. It is estimated that 1,600 (every student at NHS) bathers could be accomodated in the baths of Caracalla. 
Baths

The Severan Dynasty ends and is followed with the tumult of soldiers declaring their general as emperor only to have him murdered by another general a few years or just a few months later.  In 238 co-emperors chosen by the senate were dragged from the imperial palace and murdered in public after ruling for only 3 months.  During this crazy time these emperors did not have time to initiate architectural projects so significant building came to a stop.  During this time a wall was built for the capitol a sign of the decay of Roman power. 

During the third century as architects were going hungry sculptos and engravers were prospering.  They were busy creating great quantities of coins, of lesser metals, so that Roman soldiers could be paid in coins reflecting the current Emperor.  Also, portrait statues and busts were set up everywhere to display the power of the new ruler. 

Third century A.D. portrait busts are known for their truthful likenesses of their subject matter as well as the emotional content.

In 284 A.D. Diocletian (named Emporer by his troops) decide the way to restore order to Rome was to share the power.  He established the tetrarchy (ruled by four).  He was Augustus of the East, there was an Augustus of the west and then two Caesars.  The two Caesars were married to the daughters of the Augusti, thus sealing their allegiance.  They ruled without problem until Diocletian's retirement in 305.  When this all fell apart the division of the empire into East and West survived and would last through the Middle Ages setting the papacy of the Latin West (Christian) apart from the Byzantine Empire of the East.

After the tetrarcy the next ruler of Rome (after a period of conflict) Constantine emerged as the sole ruler of Rome.  He gave credit for his victory to the God of the Christians and eventually issued the Edict of Milan which ended the persecution of Christians.  Constantine , shortly after defeating Licinius who had been his co-ruler, founded "new Rome" on the site of Byzantium and called it Constantinople (the city od Constantine).  The transfer of power from Rome to Constantinople and the establishment of Christianity as the official religion marks the begionning of the Middle Ages.
Constantine  This portrait bust is 8' 6" tall!
 For FUN! NOT required- just silly.

 Check out this site and several short blurbs on Later Roman Empire ArchitectureLate Roman Architecture


Ancient Rome was a colorful place.  Often our current impression  is informed by what we see in history books but the reality of the time would have been many buildings most portrait busts, an statues would have been painted bright colors. 

ROMAN ART I

The Roman Empire spanned from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to the Thames and the Danube to the Nile. This entire expansive area was ruled by one government.  In this empire lived people of different races, creeds, tongues, and cultures.  Because of this diversity the ancient Roman Empire most resembles the make up of  the current United States of America.  The Roman government, arts and politics are the basis for modern cultures and worlds. 

Ancient Roman architecture still stands and is used to support modern buildings today.  Some Roman aqueducts still carry water to modern towns, ships still dock at Roman ports and the European highway system still closely follows the Roman road system. 

READ THE FOLLOWING ARTICLE AND LOOK AT THE LINKS

Article- Roman Roads

Tabel of Peutinger

Roman Road Map

What was the ancient name for the area of modern Spain and Portugal?

What is the name for the ancient scroll depicting a "map of the world?"

What were Roman rest houses used for? 

How were they noted on the "map of the world?"

What was described by Tassan as, "a real treasure?"

In feet, What is the standard width of a Roman chariot axle?

What is one hypothesis  about what happened to the aqueduct that supplied water to Arles?


Romans during the "Republican style" were very eclectic in stylization of architecture and art.  They incorporated elements from the different  peoples they conquered.  The Roman general Marcellus conquered the Greek city of Syracuse.  Syracuse was very wealth and Marcellus   brought back not only the typical spoils of war but also the "artistic patrimony" of the city.  Thus igniting the demand of Greek art.  Roman plundered Greek art weighing down sips with as many pieces as possible.  If an original could not be had a copy was commissioned.  The Romans who were previously fighters or farmers now began developing opinions about art and artists. 

The Romans borrowed from both the Etruscans and Greeks when creating their own Republican style of architecture.  Using the Temple of "Fortuna Virilis" as a visual guide EXPLAIN three traditionally Etruscan architectural features and two traditionally Greek architectural features borrowed by the Romans to build this Republican style temple.  If you are struggling with this use an art history book.  I recommend Gardner's Art Through The Ages.
 Fortuna Virilis

The Romans invented concrete a HUGE invention I don't need to draw ties to current usage of concrete for you- yes it's the same stuff!  Romans were able to use concrete as a much less expensive alternative to even local stone.  Concrete enabled the Romans to create architectural elements that are not possible with masonry construction (stone).  Roman architects were able to create domes and vaults without internal supports.  Romans developed a taste for these curved elements over the Greek and Etruscan post-and-lintel structures. 

Roman Vaulting Systems

The Romans were very proud of thier lineage.  Romans celebrated their blood lines by having sculptural portratis created.  These imagines were stored in wooden cabinets in the homes of elevated Romans.  These sculptures were paraded at the funerals of prominent relatives.  The artists commissioned to create these likenesses were NOT asked to make their patrons look more noble than they were.  Artists were asked to painstakingly record imperfections and the realistic look of their patrons.  However, it is not uncommon for realistic heads to be found on perfect youthful bodies.  Romans were the first to put the portraits of powerful rulers on coins.  The Greeks used images of powerful gods for their coins.  Julius Caesar was the first to place his own likeness on a coin shortly before his assassination.  The Denarius (coin) also declared his new title dictator perpetuus (dictator for life).

One reason we know so much about everyday life in Rome is because of the city of Pompeii.
         What was the population of Pompeii in A.D. 62 when an earthquake shook the city?

        What happened 17 years later?  

         What are some details about everyday life still in place in Pompeii?

        List 2 public buildings still in tact in Pompeii.

What is a major structural difference between a Greek and Roman outdoor theatre?  hint: amphitheter Again, If you need, an art history book is a great source of information.

What is a velarium?  How does this word apply to Roman amphitheaters?

What event ended the 13 year civil war which erupted when Julius Caesar was murdered?  How was this new ruler related to Julius Caesar?

Augustus was recognized as princeps (first citizen), imperator (commander in chief root of emperor) and later pintifex maximus (chief priest).  These titles gave Augustus control of all aspects of Roman public life.  Augusts brought 2 centuries of peace to Roman life; the Pax Romana.  When Augustus (then Octavian) inherited Caesar's fortune he was less than 19 years old.   Other victories sealed Octavian's power.  No longer was Rome ruled by elders. Now artists were called upon to create images of a young leader.  Augustus was following Caesar who had made himself a god before his death.  So not only was Augustus young he was the son of a god.  He marketed himself a son of a god widely and throughout his reign never aged.  Augustus's wife had the same youthful privilege.  Her hair was always represented in the latest style but she also never aged.  Guess I married wrong ;) Think about how this tactic is used today... have you seen any billboards for Branson performers?!!  Were any of those pictures taken in the last 30 years?   Think Hollywood.

All monuments and works of civic improvement were boldly credited to Augustus.  His portrait and/or arches recounting his good deeds were erected throughout Rome reminding the Roman people of their great and generous leader.  These items were not created as a historical record but for propaganda.

There is more Rome to come!  This is an important chapter and the information has far reaching effects (so it's important).  Dividing this chapter will throw off our schedule but we'll do the best we can.

ETRUSCAN ART

POST BY 5:00 FEBRUARY 17

"The Etruscans as everyone knows, were the people who occupied the middle of Italy in early Roman days, and whom the Romans, in their usual neighbourly fashion, wiped out entirely." D. H. Lawrence

The origins of the Etruscan people is unclear.

The Etruscans lived in an area whit great natural resources.  Iron,. tin, copper and silver were all mined in Etruria.  The Etruscans were also masters of the sea.  The agrarian economy of early times was replaced by international commerce.  The Etruscans themselves became wealthy and appreciated luxury items as well as used Eastern motifs.  Local craftsmen were inspired by these imports. They did not copy them though they created their own versions in Etruscan style.

At the end of the 7th century Etruscan artists created the first known example of monumental statuary.  The Centaur, from Vulci.  The centaur is a Greek inspired monster. It was placed at the necropolis in Vulci presumably as a tomb guardian.  Art historians think that the inspiration for this work may have come from Greek vase paintings.  The style of the man portion of the centaur is Greek inspired.  The left leg is engaged and the hair and face are also of the early Daedalic style.  However, the placement of the centaur as a tomb guardian is "un-Greek."

Etruscan Temple
Etruscan temples were superficially similar to Greek temples.  The Etruscans used wood and mud brick to build their temples so today only the foundations remain.  Temples typically had a gabled roof.  They also stood high on a podium.  Columns were used only in the front of the building and stairs came only to the front.  Unlike Greek temples which had stairs on all sides and the front and back of the temple were identical.  Etruscan columns resembled Greek Doric columns but they were made of wood and were not fluted and had bases.  Along the roof were terracotta statues.  Apollo

The Greeks did not create large funerary items like tombs and sarcophagi.  One example of an Etruscan sarcophagus is the reclining couple from Cerveteri.  Contrary to the Greeks where the men dined on couches this sarcophagus clearly shows a man and his wife dining together.  Aristotle noted that Etruscan men and women dined together  and women enjoyed freedoms not known to Greek women.  Etruscan women often kept their own names and were allowed to legally own property independent of their husbands.  As is part of the current Italian culture, the Etruscans used gestures with their speech  and represented this animation in their statues.  The Etruscans built great tombs.  The tomb architecture consisted of multiple chambers very similar to their homes.  The tombs were arranged in the cemeteries in orderly rows with a network of streets creating a necropolis or city of the dead.  The tombs were cut into the bedrock and decorated just as a home would be with bright paint and creature comforts.  The most elaborate tomb at Cerveteri is the tomb of the reliefs.  It was built to house several generations of the same family but the bedrock walls and pillars were covered with stucco relief.

In 509 B.C. the Roams who had been ruled by the Etruscans revolted and threw out the last Etruscan king.  They replaced the monarch y with a republican form of government.  Shortly after this the Etruscan fleet was defeated and this destroyed the Etruscans rule of the sea.  This defeat also marked the end of Etruscan prosperity.  Rome began conquering Etruscan territories.  The taking of Etruscan strongholds marked the end of Etruscan tombs and effected the quality of Etruscan furnishings.  Etruscan art did not cease though.  Impressive works were still produced just fewer in number.

Today's symbol of Rome The Capitoline Wolf was created by an Etruscan artist.  It is a she-wolf (hollow-cast bronze) who according to legend nursed the heroes of Rome, Romulus and Remus after they were abandoned as infants.The Roman style of art had not yet developed.  Romulus and Remus were Renaissance additions.

In Hellenistic Etruria the Porta Marzia is a precursor to the Roman practice of erecting triumphal arches.
Porta Marzia  We can see Greek inspired motifs.  The pilasters, and arches bracketed by engaged columns.  These Greek elements are still seen in architecture.

One more Etruscan masterpiece is Aule Metele or Arringatore, Orator He is portrayed as a magistrate raising an arm to address an assembly (hence the title).He is cast in bronze.  Reply MLITB to Mrs. Lubinski as your assingment this week.  Be sure you read all of this becasue you will be held resonsible for it later! At about the time Arringatore was produced by an Etruscan the Romans conferred citizenship upon all inhabitants of Italy.  Aule Metele is his Etruscan name and the names of his father and mother are inscribed on the hem of his Roman style toga and boots.  He is Etruscan in name only.  He became Roman and all Etruscan art became Roman art.